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Traditional File-Based Systems ·          Understanding the problems inherent in file-based systems may prevent us from repeating these problems in database systems. ·          If you wish to convert a file-based system to a database system, understanding how the file system works will be extremely useful, if not essential. File-based system : A collection of application programs that perform services  for the end-users such as the production of reports. Each program defines and manages its own data. File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system that we are all familiar with. ·          For example, in an organization a manual file is set up to hold all external and internal correspondence relating to a product, task, client, or employee. Typically, there are many such files, and for safety they are labe...

Database Management Systems Unit – I Introduction to Databases: Introduction, Traditional File-Based Systems, Database Approach, Roles in the Database Environment, Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs, The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture, Database Languages, Data Models, Functions of a DBMS, Components of a DBMS. Relational Model: Introduction, Terminology, Integrity Constraints, Views. The Relational Algebra: Unary Operations, Set Operations, Join Operations, Division Operation, Aggregation and Grouping Operations. Unit – II SQL: Introduction, Data Manipulation–Simple Queries, Sorting Results, Using the SQL Aggregate Functions, Grouping Results, Sub-queries, ANY and ALL, Multi-table Queries, EXISTS and NOT EXIST, Combining Result Tables, Database Updates. SQL: The ISO SQL Data Types, Integrity Enhancement Feature–Domain Constraints, Entity Integrity, Referential Integrity, General Constraints, Data Definition–Creating a Database, Creating a Table, Changing a Ta...

Data Structures with C++ Viva Questions 1)       What is  data, data type and data object? 2)       Define data structure 3)       Define ADT 4)       Explain in brief types of data structures 5)       Define algorithm. Characteristics of algorithm 6)        Define pseudocode and flowchart 7)       What is time  complexity and space complexity? 8)       Deffine  1-D, 2-D and n-D array 9)       List  out the advantages and disadvantages of arrays 10)    Define stack and explain in brief each of its operation 11)   Stack ADT 12)   Creating a stack   int Stack[100];                 int top = −1; 13)   Syn...